在 ASP.NET 中调用外部 API 通常使用 HttpClient 类,以下是详细步骤和最佳实践(以 ASP.NET Core 为例):

基础步骤
-
注入 HttpClient
在Startup.cs中注册服务:public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { services.AddHttpClient(); // 基本注册 // 或命名客户端(推荐) services.AddHttpClient("ExternalApi", client => { client.BaseAddress = new Uri("https://api.example.com/"); client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Accept", "application/json"); }); } -
在控制器中使用
[ApiController] [Route("api/[controller]")] public class DataController : ControllerBase { private readonly IHttpClientFactory _httpClientFactory; public DataController(IHttpClientFactory httpClientFactory) { _httpClientFactory = httpClientFactory; } [HttpGet] public async Task<IActionResult> GetExternalData() { // 创建命名客户端 var client = _httpClientFactory.CreateClient("ExternalApi"); try { // 发送 GET 请求 HttpResponseMessage response = await client.GetAsync("endpoint"); if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode) { string content = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); return Ok(content); } return StatusCode((int)response.StatusCode, "API request failed"); } catch (Exception ex) { return StatusCode(500, $"Internal error: {ex.Message}"); } } }
处理 POST 请求
[HttpPost]
public async Task<IActionResult> PostData([FromBody] MyModel model)
{
var client = _httpClientFactory.CreateClient("ExternalApi");
// 序列化数据
var json = JsonSerializer.Serialize(model);
var content = new StringContent(json, Encoding.UTF8, "application/json");
// 发送 POST 请求
var response = await client.PostAsync("endpoint", content);
// 处理响应...
}
最佳实践
-
使用 IHttpClientFactory
- 避免手动创建
HttpClient(防止套接字耗尽) - 自动管理连接生命周期
- 避免手动创建
-
配置超时设置
services.AddHttpClient("ExternalApi", client => { client.Timeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30); }); -
添加认证

client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Authorization = new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Bearer", "your_token"); -
处理错误响应
if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode) { var errorContent = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); // 记录错误或返回特定错误对象 } -
使用 Polly 实现重试策略(推荐)
安装包:Microsoft.Extensions.Http.Pollyservices.AddHttpClient("ExternalApi") .AddTransientHttpErrorPolicy(policy => policy.WaitAndRetryAsync(3, _ => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2))); -
配置 API 地址
- 在
appsettings.json中存储:{ "ExternalApi": { "BaseUrl": "https://api.example.com/", "ApiKey": "your_key_here" } } - 在代码中读取:
var config = _configuration.GetSection("ExternalApi"); client.BaseAddress = new Uri(config["BaseUrl"]); client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("X-API-Key", config["ApiKey"]);
- 在
完整示例(带配置和错误处理)
public class ExternalApiService
{
private readonly HttpClient _httpClient;
private readonly ILogger<ExternalApiService> _logger;
public ExternalApiService(
IHttpClientFactory httpClientFactory,
IConfiguration config,
ILogger<ExternalApiService> logger)
{
_httpClient = httpClientFactory.CreateClient();
_httpClient.BaseAddress = new Uri(config["ExternalApi:BaseUrl"]);
_httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Authorization", config["ExternalApi:ApiKey"]);
_logger = logger;
}
public async Task<ApiResponse> GetDataAsync()
{
try
{
var response = await _httpClient.GetAsync("data-endpoint");
response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
var content = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
return JsonSerializer.Deserialize<ApiResponse>(content);
}
catch (HttpRequestException ex)
{
_logger.LogError(ex, "API request failed");
return null;
}
}
}
// 注册服务
services.AddScoped<ExternalApiService>();
常见问题解决
-
跨域问题 (CORS)
- 外部 API 需配置 CORS 允许你的域名
- 本地开发时可在
launchSettings.json配置代理
-
HTTPS 证书问题

- 开发环境可忽略证书验证(生产环境禁用):
services.AddHttpClient("UnsafeClient").ConfigurePrimaryHttpMessageHandler(() => { return new HttpClientHandler { ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = (msg, cert, chain, err) => true }; });
- 开发环境可忽略证书验证(生产环境禁用):
-
性能优化
- 复用 HttpClient 实例
- 使用
IAsyncEnumerable处理流式响应 - 压缩请求(
Accept-Encoding: gzip)
注意:对于 .NET Framework 项目(非 Core),需使用
WebClient或手动管理HttpClient生命周期,但建议升级到 Core 以获得更好的性能和安全性。
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