Nginx+Tomcat集群配置详解
Nginx+Tomcat集群架构
Nginx作为反向代理服务器,承担负载均衡、静态资源处理、请求路由等职责,可显著提升系统并发能力和稳定性;Tomcat集群通过多节点部署实现高可用,避免单点故障,同时支持会话共享、动态扩容等功能,二者结合可构建“前端负载均衡+后端应用集群”的典型高可用架构,适用于电商、社交等高并发场景。

环境准备与基础配置
硬件与软件要求
- 硬件:至少3台服务器(1台Nginx+2台Tomcat,可根据需求扩展)。
- 操作系统:CentOS 7+/Ubuntu 18.04+(推荐使用Linux,性能稳定)。
- 软件版本:
- Nginx:1.20.x(支持模块化配置,如
ngx_http_upstream_module)。 - Tomcat:9.x(兼容JDK 8/11,支持集群模式)。
- JDK:8或11(建议JDK 8以兼容旧系统)。
- Nginx:1.20.x(支持模块化配置,如
安装步骤(以CentOS为例)
# 安装Nginx yum install -y nginx # 配置Nginx监听80端口 sed -i 's/listen 80 default;/listen 80;/g' /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf # 启动Nginx systemctl start nginx && systemctl enable nginx # 安装Tomcat wget https://downloads.apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-9/v9.0.85/bin/apache-tomcat-9.0.85.tar.gz tar -xzf apache-tomcat-9.0.85.tar.gz -C /usr/local/ ln -s /usr/local/apache-tomcat-9.0.85 /usr/local/tomcat
Nginx作为反向代理的配置
Nginx通过upstream和server指令实现负载均衡,需在/etc/nginx/nginx.conf中配置。
负载均衡算法配置
upstream块定义Tomcat集群节点,支持多种算法:
| 算法名称 | 作用描述 |
|—————-|————————————————————————–|
| round_robin | 默认轮询算法,按顺序分发请求(简单高效) |
| least_conn | 选择当前连接数最少的节点(适合动态流量) |
| ip_hash | 基于客户端IP哈希分发(固定用户访问同一节点,适用于会话绑定) |
| weighted | 带权重轮询(如节点1权重2,节点2权重1,优先分发至节点1) |

Nginx配置示例
# upstream配置(负载均衡组)
upstream tomcat_cluster {
server 192.168.1.100:8080 weight=2; # 节点1,权重2
server 192.168.1.101:8080 weight=1; # 节点2,权重1
server 192.168.1.102:8080; # 节点3,默认权重1
# 健康检查(可选)
health_check;
}
# server配置(反向代理)
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://tomcat_cluster; # 转发至集群
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
# 静态资源缓存
expires 1h;
}
}Tomcat集群配置详解
Tomcat集群需通过Cluster元素配置会话复制和负载均衡,确保数据一致性。
会话管理配置
(1)JGroups会话复制
JGroups是Tomcat内置的会话复制框架,支持多节点同步会话。

- 步骤:
- 启用
cluster模式(server.xml):<Cluster className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.JKSocketMember"> <channel className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.JKChannel"> <channelConfig className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.JKChannelConfig"> <property name="channel" value="tomcatCluster"/> <property name="socket" value="192.168.1.100:4005"/> <property name="socketFactory" value="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.JKSocketFactory"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryPort" value="4005"/> <property name="socketFactoryHost" value="192.168.1.100"/> <property name="socketFactoryProtocol" value="udp"/> <property name="socketFactoryAddress" value
- 启用
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